Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae), growing at high altitude of 2500-4000 m, is a dwarf to tall (2-5m) plant whereas Rhodiola (Rhodiola imbricata Edgew, Crassulaceae), known as golden root, is a perennial herb growing on rocky slopes in drier areas of Western Himalaya at an altitude of 4000-5000 m. Both the medicinal plants contain wide range of bioactive substances and used in traditional medicines. Heavy metal toxicity of herbal preparations is of major concern. The concentrations of heavy metals (As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr) were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry in the aqueous extracts of Seabuckthorn leaf and berries, and Rhodiola roots and compared with the maximum permissible values. The studied heavy metal concentrations in aqueous extracts of both the plant products, except chromium, were below the maximum permissible values. The chromium levels in vacuum dried aqueous extract of dried Rhodiola roots and lyophilized aqueous extract of dried Seabuckthorn leaves were 3.2 ppm and 3.0 ppm, respectively, slightly higher than the WHO proposed limit of 2.0 ppm. The results suggest that the Seabuckthorn and Rhodiola herbal products were safe in respect of heavy metals.

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After physico-chemical analysis of pulp and paper mill effluent, its toxic effect was studied on fresh water tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex at different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 60 and 80% v/v), which revealed that toxic ingredient of effluent induced high mortality at 10 to 60% (v/v) concentration after 96 hours exposure. Further, in higher concentrations (>60% v/v) effluent exposed T. tubifex, morphological alteration due to the presence of pentachlorophenol was observed. Relative toxicity of effluent in term of lethal concentration, LC50 value was 29.0% after 96 hours exposure. Dissolve oxygen (DO) content was found lower at all elevated concentration during bioassay. The reduction in DO content was 65.12% at 80% effluent concentration (v/v) after 96 hours exposure. Pulp and paper mill effluent was brown-coloured having color units (CU) 11727 Pt-Co with higher levels of COD (16766 mg/l), BOD₅ (6033 mg/l), T.S (1115 mg/l), lignin (413 mg/l), heavy metals (Ni 0.122, Cu 0.216, Fe 0.182 and Cd 0.135 mg/l) and pH 7.5-8.0. The effluent was also found to contain significant amount of chlorinated phenols such as 2,4-dichlorophenol (8.65 mg/l), 2,3,5-trichlorophenol (0.73 mg/l) and pentachlorophenol (50.31mg/l).

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Administration of carbon tetrachloride (0.2 ml/kg) intraperitoneally to normal rats caused significant decrease in Hb, RBC and WBC Counts, and considerable increase in the level of transaminases, blood sugar and the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase. A marked increase in the serum protein was also observed. Significant decrease was observed in glycogen content of liver, on the contrary, a marked increase was seen in kidney. Carbon tetrachloride provided significant rise in protein content and activity of acid phosphatase of liver and kidney both. Activity of alkaline phosphatase showed marked depletion in both the organs. Significant elevation in hepatic lipid peroxidation level and a sharp depletion in glutathione level were also seen. Conjoint treatment with PHF (250 mg/kg, orally) for 12 weeks caused significant recoupment in liver and kidney in most of the parameters studied.

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The present work was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of A. paniculata, a popular Indian ethnomedicine in the liver of cadmium chloride intoxicated rats. Oral administration of cadmium (5mg/kg body wt.) for 30 days resulted in a significant (p<0.01) elevation of serum aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and bilirubin and the levels of lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. Cadmium also caused a significant reduction in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced the glutathione level in liver. Prior oral administration of A. paniculata extract (100 mg/kg body wt.) with cadmium chloride significantly decreased the serum hepatic marker enzymes viz., AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and the level of bilirubin along with the significant decrease in the levels of lipid peroxidation in the liver. In addition the A.paniculata extract significantly increased the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx and reduced GSH level in the liver of cadmium intoxicated rat. Our results demonstrate that the aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata exhibited antioxidant property and decreased the lipid peroxidation against cadmium induced oxidative stress in liver.

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Mercury exposure related oxidative stress has been incriminated at least in part, to its toxic effects in different organs. The present investigation was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of nutritional supplementation (zinc, selenium, lipoic acid and magnesium) in the liver, kidney, brain and blood. Adult rats of Sprague Dawley strain were administered a bolus dose of mercury as dimethyl mercury @ 10 mg/kg orally. Treatment of zinc, selenium, lipoic acid and magnesium were given for three days after 72 h of toxicant administration. Single oral dose of mercury caused significant increase in lipid peroxidation, whereas reduced glutathione levels were observed in liver, kidney and brain. Significant rise in the activities of transaminases, serum alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase was observed after toxicant administration. A fall was observed in the activities of acetylcholinesterase in fore, mid and hind brain. All the therapeutic agents showed recoupment in all the parameters, where as selenium and magnesium were found to be more effective and suitable antagonistic agents for mercury toxicity.

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The present investigation aims at studying the efficacy of A.longifolia Nees., against galactosamine induced rat liver dysfunction. It also evaluates and compares the efficacy of slurry, aqueous extract and ethanolic extract of whole plant powder. The blood biochemistry and histopathological examination of liver was done to assess the hepatoprotective action. The study showed hepatoprotective effect by A. longifolia in the rat model studied.

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Synthetic pyrethroid residues in samples of cow milk, poultry egg and meat, collected from Tarai (foot hills) and hilly regions of Kumaon were estimated with the help of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The mean values of deltamethrin residue of the positive samples in the whole Kumaon region were 0.0688, 0.0448 and 0.0356 mg/l or mg/kg, respectively. The values for fenvalerate residue were 0.1498, 0.1627 and 0.0164 mg/l or mg/kg, respectively. The results confirm the use of synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in Kumaon regions of Uttaranchal. However, none of the samples showed residual concentration above the 'maximum residue limit' as per the guidelines of the FAO/WHO.

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N-Nitrosodiethylamine is amongst the important group of carcinogens frequently present in human environment. The mechanism of toxicity of nitroso-compounds at cellular level is not clear, at least when the exposure is for short period. Therefore, the effect of varying doses of NDEA (50,100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) was studied in albino rats. Intraperitoneal administration of NDEA resulted in heart and spleen enlargement and decrease in liver weight. Hepatotoxicity was evident by a steady increase in enzyme levels of liver function test in a dose dependent manner. A significant increase in creatinine level at higher doses indicated it to be nephrotoxic as well. NDEA increased lipid peroxidation of blood and tissues in a dose dependent manner. These results were further supported by histopathological changes seen at higher doses.

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A single dose of cadmium ( CdCl₂, 1.8 mg /kg, i.p. ) in mice caused liver damage as evidenced by serum transaminases and morphology of the hepatic tissue. An elevation of hepatic lipid peroxides, cadmium, zinc and calcium, and lowering of glutathione levels was also observed .However, pretreatment with turmeric at two doses (25 and 100 mg / kg,orally) for 7 days, showed significant reduction in the oxidative stress markers and serum transaminases. The gross toxicopathological changes were also markedly arrested. These results suggest cytoprotective including antioxidative potential of turmeric in acute Cd toxicity.

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High affinity of the fluoride to the bone causes intoxication of bone marrow resulting into alterations in normal hematological profile. In present study sodium fluoride alone and with aluminium sulphate (ameliorative agent) was administered orally daily for 30 days in healthy goats of group 1 and 2 respectively to access the effect on the hematological profile on different days of exposure. Exposure of sodium fluoride alone produced significant reduction in hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total leucocytes count (TLC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and increase in blood clotting time. However, values of total erythrocyte count (TEC) and differential leucocytes count (DLC) were not significantly changed. On comparing the observations of ameliorative group with the group 1 goats, it is concluded that the use of the ameliorative salt Al2(SO4)3 has beneficial effects on the alterations in values of Hb, PCV , TLC, MCV, MCH and MCHC except blood clotting time produced by the subacute exposure of sodium fluoride in goats.

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Subacute toxicity of repeated (28 day) oral administration of imidacloprid in male White Leghorn (WLH) chicks was assessed. One hundred and twenty-five birds were divided into five groups, with each group containing 25 birds. The birds of group C1 were given no treatment and served as control. Group C2 was administered groundnut oil (1 ml/kg) and served as control (vehicle). Group I1 was given 1/40 ^th of apparent LD ₅₀ (ALD ₅₀ ) (1.25 mg/kg), and group I2 was put on 1/30 ^th of ALD ₅₀ (1.67 mg/kg), while group I3 received 1/20 ^th of ALD ₅₀ (2.5 mg/kg) of imidacloprid suspended in groundnut oil. The blood samples were collected from birds after 14 and 28 days of oral administration and analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters. The study showed that hematological parameters [hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC)] remained unaffected except total leukocyte count which was decreased at the highest dose tested only on 28 ^th day of experiment in birds of group I3. Imidacloprid produced hypoglycemia during the entire period of study, which was dose dependent. Imidacloprid treated birds showed significant increase in serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) level at 14 and 28 days of experiment, while no significant change in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum total protein, serum total albumin, serum total globulin and serum creatinine was seen.

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Role of resistin in insulin sensitivity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is controversial till date. Increased serum resistin levels are associated with MetS and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum resistin levels with markers of the MetS in females. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 170 healthy female subjects were selected for the study. Out of which 71 (age 31.59 ± 4.88 years) were with MetS and 99 (age 31.75 ± 6.34 years) were without MetS. Different parameters of MetS and serum resistin level were measured according to the standard protocols as given in NCEP ATP III 2001 guideline. Serum resistin levels were significantly higher in subjects with MetS when compared with subjects without MetS [13.54 ± 4.14 ng/ml (n = 71) vs. 7.42 ± 2.31 ng/ml (n = 99); P ≤ 0.001]. Resistin levels were positively associated with waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, waist/hip ratio, serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, serum VLDL, plasma insulin, and insulin resistance, while it was negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein. This study demonstrates a positive correlation between resistin and factors of MetS except high-density lipoprotein which was found to be negatively correlated in Indian female subjects.

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It is well known that most of the chemical pesticides are responsible for a variety of known and unknown adverse effects in animal and human health. These chemicals also have adverse effects on our environment. Despite large consumption of chemical pesticides, it is estimated that crop losses vary between 20-30% due to pests alone. Keeping this in view and fueled by lavish venture capital money and unrestrained enthusiasm for biotechnology, a flush of biopesticide companies arose in the 1980s to exploit the extraordinary potential of biopesticides offered as environmentally benign alternatives to chemicals. In India, till date only 12 biopesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae, Bacillus sphaericus, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Beauveria bassiana, NPV of Helicoverpa armigera, NPV of Spodoptera litura, Neem based pesticides, Cymbopogan) have been registered against 194 chemicals which are used as chemical pesticides. Most of these biopesticides find use in public health for the control of malaria, except a few that are used in agriculture. The other technologies include i) use of transgenic plants for pest management and ii) a number of beneficial insects and worms that fight the nastier ones is being encouraged. In addition, the Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems (CIKS) has attempted to identify the technologies that farmers were using for pest control before chemical pesticides came into the picture. The preparation of these products is extremely simple, as is their application. In terms of efficiency, these products are very good and in certain cases, are even more efficient than the commercially available products. CIKS' work has been to see that the extracts developed by farmers in their own backyards are as efficient as or more efficient than what is available in the market. Its motive has been one of self-reliance. This is also an innovation which is economically viable for small farmers in India.

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Second generation pyrethroids were tested for mutagenicity in a bacterial reversion assay system with two strains TA 98 and TA 100 of Salmonella Typhimurium. Three Insecticides Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate and Deltamethrin were tested before and after activation with liver postmitochondrial fraction (Hepatic S9 mix) of Swiss Albino mice. All the three insecticides studied in the present study were found to be non-mutagenic with strains TA 98 and TA100 in the absence of S9 liver mix. After activation with S9 liver mix, the insecticides showed mutagenicity with TA 98 but no mutagenicity with TA100. Thus this study reveals that these insecticides are capable of causing base pair mutations after metabolic activation.

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The objective of present work was to study the neurotoxic effects of bracken fern in laboratory rats. In this study, 24 young male albino rats were divided into four groups as crude extract (Gr-I), crude extract with uracil (Gr-II). Grs I and II were fed with 0.5ml of aqueous crude extracts of bracken fern for period of 6 months. Uracil (0.5%) was administered to Grs II and III for one month. The treatment was discontinued after 6 months of post feeding (MPF) and experiment was terminated at 8 MPF. At the end of 6 MPF, all rats were subjected to test spontaneous and motor activities. Spontaneous motor activity of rats revealed significantly reduced number of ambulations (horizontal activity) in BFCE+UGr (431.00±45.38) and rearing (vertical activity) in same group (66.70±4.20) as compared to other groups, when tested at pre-determined time of 4 minutes in activity cage. Both the crude extracts drenched groups exhibited signs of sleepiness and reduced movements in activity cage. In forced motor activity on rota-rod apparatus, rats of both crude extracts fed group remained relatively shorter period (33.03±2.76 and 29.53±2.50 min) as compared to UGr (76.18±7.79 min) and CGr (112.89±7.69 min). Thus, both crude extracts fed groups lost their balance on rota-rod and showed the signs of tremors in their hindlimbs. Moreover, the rats of these groups had dullness, off-feed, opisthotonus and occasional spastic paralysis of hindlimbs during various periods of experiment. In fern extract drenched groups appreciable decrease in body weight and increased relative weight of brain was observed. Histopathological lesions of engorged blood vessels with thickened vessel wall, haemorrhages in meninges and stroma and occasional glial cell proliferation in brain along with above clinical observations were suggestive of neurotoxic effects of bracken fern. It was concluded that neurotoxic effects in both crude extract drenched groups of rats might be due to presence of thiaminase enzyme in bracken fern.

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Two newly synthesized β blockers, DPJ 955 and DPJ 890 were studied for cardioprotective action against isoprenaline induced myocardial necrosis and anti lipid peroxidation potential against ferric chloride induced lipid peroxidation. Administration of isoprenaline (300 mg/kg, s.c.) for 3 days at an interval of 24 hours significantly increased LDH, CK, AST and ALT levels as compared to normal animals. Treatment with DPJ 955 (10 mg/kg) and DPJ 890 (3 mg/kg) for 4 days followed by administration of isoprenaline (300mg/kg, s.c.) for a period of 3 days significantly reduced the concentration of marker enzymes in serum. Histological examination of hearts revealed that DPJ 890 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the severity of infarction produced by isoprenaline. The mortality was found to be very high (50%) with isoprenaline alone treated group. Pretreatment with DPJ 955 (10 mg/kg), DPJ 890 (3 mg/kg) reduced the mortality rate as compared to isoprenaline treated group. The cardioprotective effect produced by DPJ 890 was superior to propranolol. DPJ 955, DPJ 890, propranolol and carvedilol produced concentration dependent reduction in lipid peroxidation induced by ferric chloride. The rank order potency of anti lipid peroxidation activity was found to be carvedilol > DPJ 955 > propranolol = DPJ 890. These results suggest that prevention of myocardial damage produced by isoprenaline in rats pretreated with DPJ 955, DPJ 890 and propranolol may be mainly due to the β blocking activity as these compounds lacked lipid peroxidation activity.

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Effect of Cadmium chloride administered intraperitoneally at 0.5(low-dose), 1.0 (medium-dose) and 2 (high-dose) mg/kg, body weight dose levels for 15 days was observed on the testes of adult albino rats. Cadmium chloride increased the activity of total protein by 6.5 fold; 3 and 4 fold increase occurs in the TC and TG levels. There is a significant increase occurs in the Ca⁺⁺ATP-ases and 59% and 32% reduction occurs in the Mg⁺⁺ATPase and Inorganic phosphatases. Histologically testes showed dose dependent seminiferous epithelial necrosis, degeneration and loss of spermatozoa. The changes were dose-dependent. These altered structural and biochemical changes associated with cadmium chloride intoxication along with altered membrane permeability may be responsible for the observed metabolic changes.

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A tire fire at a retreading location in Blair Township near Interlochen, Michigan was reported at 9:30 a.m. on December 29, 1995. The company had stored over 700,000 petroleum based tires at this location. It took 22 days for 15 fire departments to quell the fire. Inside the tire piles, the temperature reached up to 2400°F. Tire fire smoke usually includes inorganic and organic particulates, ash, arsenic, benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, lead, oxides of nitrogen, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenol, sulfur dioxide, zinc, etc. Most of the above mentioned environmental contaminants in low concentrations were found at or near the tire fire location in outdoor air, groundwater, snow and soil. No contaminants were detected in indoor environments (residential areas) about one mile away from the tire fire location. Cancer risk assessments were conducted for carcinogens using U.S. EPA guidelines and assumptions. These cancer risk estimates were very low as compared to the acceptable excess risk level of 1x10^-6. Reported concentrations and potential health risks of the released contaminants are briefly discussed. The tire fire smoke is an irritant to eyes, nose, and the respiratory tract, therefore, exposure to this source of air pollution should be regulated and minimized.

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Antitumor activity and host toxicity of therapeutical and subtherapeutical dose of cisplatin either alone or in combination with a-tocopherol or imidazolium hexafluorocuprate (IHFC) was studied in mice bearing Dalton's lymphoma. The administration of cisplatin alone caused significant reduction in tumor volume and packed cell volume at therapeutical dose but subtherapeutical dose reduced tumor volume and packed cell volume when combined with α-tocopherol. The co-administration of IHFC with cisplatin did not affect the antitumor activity of cisplatin but decreased the host toxicity caused by cisplatin. IHFC and a-tocopherol being antioxidants were responsible for reduction of cisplatin induced toxicity.

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Gender differences in the toxicity of lead have been observed in a selected human population engaged in glass industries of Firozabad (India). Duration of exposure, age, food habits and alcohol intake were found to be confounding factors affecting lead toxicity in women. Lead concentration in urine was found to be higher in male subjects than female workers. Contrarily, δ-amino levulinic acid concentration in urine was higher in females than male workers. It is concluded that women of all ages (premenopausal and postmenopausal) release lead more slowly than males. Therefore, we suggest that both the parameters in both the sexes should be applied for health risk assessment. Further, studies on δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) genetic polymorphism are needed so as to confirm susceptible and protective genotypes.

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Ethinyl oestradiol was administered to the rats of groups 2, 3 and 4 @ 250, 500 and 750 μg/kg body weight, respectively orally once a week for 8 weeks and to the rats of groups 5, 6 and 7, respectively for 12 weeks. At the 9th week, mild to severe congestion along with infiltration of lymphocytes in the interstitial tissue of the ovaries was observed in groups 2-4. At the 13th week (groups 5-7), these changes were more prominent. In higher dose group (EO @ 750 μg/kg), swelling of endothelial cells, thickening of blood vessel walls, degeneration and fibrous tissue proliferation were also observed. The extent and severity of ovarian damage were found to be dose and time dependent, suggesting that the higher dose and prolonged duration of oestrogen administration successively, may cause more cytotoxic changes in the ovary. The standard cytotoxic doses of oestrogen were assessed to be 500 to 750 μg/kg, orally weekly for a period of 12 weeks.

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Edible mud crab Scylla serrata (Crustacea : Decapoda) is an economically important species. Hemocytes - the blood cells of the species perform diverse immunological functions including nonself recognition and phagocytosis of nonself particles. Kinetics of nonself surface (glass) adhesion of hemocytes was determined under the exposure of 1, 2, 3 ppm of sodium arsenite in diverse span of exposure i.e. 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours in controlled laboratory condition. Shifts in kinetics of adhesion were recorded against all the concentration screened. However, the patterns of shift were not uniform. Arsenic induced shift in surface adhesion of hemocytes indicated a state of immunological stress in the species. Phagocytosis of nonself particulates is considered as a classical immunological response in crab. We have examined phagocytosis of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by hemocytes of animal exposed to 1, 2 and 3 ppm of sodium arsenite for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours in vitro. Alteration in phagocytic response and adhesion of hemocytes is suggestive of cellular stress which may lead to decline in population of S. serrata in arsenic affected districts of West Bengal.

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Chronic ethanol consumption is a medical problem with important socio-economic repercussions worldwide. Its chronic consumption enhances the oxidative damage to neurons and resulting in cell death. In this study we evaluated the protective effect of Ocimum sanctum on ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice brain. Mice were divided into groups comprising of vehicle control, ethanol control, Ocimum sanctum water extract (OSWE) treatment at three doses, quercetin as a reference drug control and the treatment was given orally for 30 days. Oxidative stress and anti-oxidant related enzymes were estimated from brain homogenate. OSWE was found to inhibit the lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide and enhance the superoxide dismutase in dose dependent manner.

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Sex specific variation in the concentration of serum calcium and phosphorus levels were observed in the control house rats as these values were higher in case of male than female rats. Single oral administration of different doses of cholecalciferol/ vitamin D₃ (30, 40, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) to house rats resulted in significantly higher levels of serum calcium and phosphorus compared to control rats. Optimum concentration of calcium was found to be 11.41 mg/dl and 10.36 mg/dL respectively in male and female rats at 50 mg/kg dose of cholecalciferol. Also, maximum phosphorus level was observed to be 9.81 mg/dL in males and 8.30 mg/dL in females after oral intake of 50 mg/kg dose of cholecalciferol. Thus highest value of calcium and phosphorus product was reported at 50 mg/kg dose from the serum of both the sexes. Toxic levels of calcium and phosphorus resulted in the mineralization of soft tissues leading to death of the house rats.

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